STRUCTURE 4
“ADVERBIAL CLAUSES”
Created By :
·
Dyah Koes Windarti (11311014)
·
Siti Aisah Putri Jamina (11311026)
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
STATE INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC STUDIES SALATIGA
2013
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
A. Definition
and Function of adverbial clauses
Adverbial clause is a
dependent clause that explains or gives information about the Verb, adjective,
adverb in a sentence. Most type of adverbial clauses are considered as modifying the verb of the
main clause, some more loosely than others. A few types, such as clauses of
time or clauses of place, are sometimes interpreted as modifiers of the entire
sentence.
1. Verb
Modifier :
·
I worked
hard. (Adverb)
·
I worked as hard as I
could. ( Adverb Clause)
2. Adjective
Modifier
·
She is very tired. (
Adverb)
·
She is tired so that she
fell asleep.
3. Adverb
Modifier
·
He got up unusually early.
(adverb)
·
He got up earlier than we expected. (adverb
clause)
B. The
Position of Adverbial Clauses
Like the adverb the adverbial clause has three possible
positions.
1. Initial
Position
Here the adverbial clause adds one means of variety to
a sentence opening. An introductory adverbial clause is usually set off by
commas, especially if the clause is long.
2. Mid
Position (Often after the subject of the main clause)
Here the adverbial clause must be set off by commas,
since it act as interrupting element. An adverbial clause in mid-position helps
to vary the rhythm of the sentence.
3. Final
Position
This is the most usual place for the adverbial clause
( as it for most adverbial expressions).
Clauses of time and places ( often also result, purpose, degree) in
final position are generally not set off by commas. For the other clauses the
writer uses a comma if he would pause before one of them in speech, especially
if the clause is long or is added as an afterthought.
C. Types
of Adverbial Clauses
Adverbial
clauses are usually classified according to the meaning of the conjunctions
that introduce them.
1. Clauses
of Time
These
clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period or to
another event. Usually made by using the
conjunction (connecting word) such as after, before, no sooner, when, while, as, since, when, as long as,
until, now, etc.
Conjunctions
|
|
When
|
I come to your house
when she wants to go out.
|
While
|
While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
|
Since
|
They have become very snobbish since they moved into their
expensive apartment.
|
Before
|
Shut all the windows before you go out.
|
After
|
After she finished dinner, she went right to bed.
|
Until
|
Until Mr. Smith got a promotion in our company, I had never noticed him.
|
Till
|
We’ll do nothing further in the matter till we hear from you.
|
As
|
As he was walking in the park, he noticed a very pretty girl.
|
As soon as
|
I’ll go to the post office as soon as I wrap this package.
|
As long as
|
You my keep my book as long as you need it.
|
Now ( that)
|
Now ( that ) time has arrived for his vacation, he doesn’t want to leave.
|
Once
|
Once he never makes up her mind, she never changes it.
|
Abridgment of
clauses of place
The subject and form of be may
omitted from a clause of place. The retained portion of the predicate may be :
ü A
predicate adjective :
Repairs will
be made wherever (they are) necessary.
ü A
participle :
He will work
wherever (He is) sent by his company.
2. Clauses
of Place
These
clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something. Usually made by
using the conjunction as where, nowhere,
anywhere, Wherever.
Conjunction
|
Sentences
|
Where
|
She
lives where the Johnsons used to live.
|
Wherever
|
I
always remember you wherever I stay.
|
Everywhere
|
Everywhere
he goes, people always welcome him.
|
3. Clauses
of contrast
There are two types of
clauses of contrast, concessive and adversative. the adversative clause
a. Concessive
Clauses
The concessive
clause offers a partial contrast, it states a reservation that dosen’t
invalidate the truth of the main clause.
Conjunction
|
|
Although
|
We couldn’t meet the deadline, altough we worked day and night.
|
Though
|
Though he had always preferred blondes, he married a brunette.
|
Even though
|
Even though she disliked the movies, she went with her husband to please
him.
|
Certain interrogative words function as concessive conjunction.
1) Interrogative
words compound with –ever.
§
Whatever he has done, he is still your friend
and needs help.
§
She will not leave her husband, however
cruel he is.
2) Interrogative
words preceded by no matter.
§
No matter what he has done, he is still your friend
and needs help.
§
She will not leave her husband, no
matter how cruel he is.
b. Adversative
Clauses
The adversative clause make a stronger contrast that may range all the
way to complete opposition.
Conjunction
|
|
While
|
While Robert is friendly with everyone, his brother makes very few friends.
|
Where
|
Where the former
governor had tried to get the cooperation of the local chiefs, the new local governeor aroused their
hostility by his disregard for their opinions.
|
Whereas
|
Mary wanted to stop whereas
I wanted to go on.
|
When
|
He
claims to be a member of the royal family when in fact his family were
immigrants.
|
Abridgment of
Clauses of Contrast
The subject and a form
of be omitted from a clause of
contrast. The retained portion of the predicate may be :
ü A
predicate noun :
Although (he is) only a child, he works as hard as an adult.
ü A
predicate Adjective :
Although (he is) very young, he works as hard as an adult.
ü A
prepositional phrase :
Although (he was) in a hurry, he stopped to help the blind man
cross the street.
I’ll come and visit you soon, if (it is) only for a day.
ü
A participle
o
Present participle :
Although (he is) working long hours, he manages to find time for relaxation.
Although (he is) working long hours, he manages to find time for relaxation.
o
Past Participle :
Although (she was) hired as a bookkeeper, she also does
secretarial work.
4. Clauses
of Cause
These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something. Clause of reason usually begins
with the conjunction: because, since,
as, now, whereas, inasmuch as, as long as, or the ground that.
Conjunction
|
|
Because
|
He went to bed because
he was sleepy
|
Since
|
Since
he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go
to the concert.
|
As
|
As he
was in hury, he hailed the nearest cab.
|
Now
|
Now
he is inherited his father’s money, he doesn’t have to
work any more.
|
Inasmuch
as
|
Inasmuch as
the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the
possibilities for peace are still remote.
|
5. Clauses
of Result
These clauses
are used to indicate the result of something
Conjunction
|
|
So....that
:
|
|
So+ adjective+ that
|
She is so emotional that every little
thing upsets her.
|
So+ adverb+ that
|
She behaved so emotionally that we knew
something terrible had upset her.
|
Such
(a).......that :
|
|
Such a + singular countable noun
|
This
is such an ugly chair that I am going to give it away.
|
Such +
plural countable noun
|
These
are such ugly chairs that I am going to give them away.
|
Such +
noncountable noun
|
This
is such ugly furniture that I am going to give it away.
|
So (
that)
|
They spent their vacation at the seashore,
so (that) when they came home they were quite tan.
|
The same cause-effect relationship can often be established in either the
cause clause or the result clause.
Cause clause
|
Because
the children had rehearsed many times, their school play was very successful.
|
Result
clause
|
The children had rehearsed many times, so
that their school play was very successful.
|
Abridgment of
Clauses of Result
ü Infinitive
phrase
He won’t be so
foolish as to reject that offer.
He won’t be
such a foolish person as to reject that offer.
6. Clauses
of Purpose
These clauses
are used to indicate the purpose of an action.
Conjunction
|
|
(in
order) that
|
He decided to take a trip around the world (in order) that he might learn
about different people in their customs.
|
So
(that)
|
The
flower will be delivered as late in the evening as possible so (that) they
will be fresh for the party.
|
In the
hope that
|
They
are working night and day in the hope that they can finish the building at
the schedule time.
|
To the
end that
(formal) |
To
the end that justice may be served, the defendant will be offered every
opportunity to establish his innocence.
|
A purpose
clause, especially one introduced by so (that) often resembles a clause of
result.
Purpose
|
He is
saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
|
Result
|
He is
saving his money so that he might take a long vacation.
|
However,
certain physical features distinguish the two construction :
a. The
auxiliary may, can or will usually appears in the purpose clause
b. The
purpose clause may be moved to the initial position
c. There
is a greater pause in speech before the
result of clause, and usually a comma in writing.
7. Clauses
of condition
Clause that indicates the existence of requirements
between the two events (events) are related. Usually made by using
conjunctions such as if, even if, unless, in the event that, or in the event
that, in case, Provided (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that),
etc.
Conjunction
|
|
If
|
If I see him, I’ll invite him to our party tomorrow
|
Even if
|
Even if I had known about the meeting I couldn’t
have come.
|
Unless
|
Unless it rains, we’ll go to the beach tomorrow.
|
Provided (that) or providing
(that)
|
We will be glad to go with you to the theater
tonight provided (that) we can get a baby-sitter.
|
In the event (that)
|
In the
event (that) the performance is called off, I’ll let you know at once.
|
Suppose (that)
|
Suppose
(that) your house burns down. Do you have enough insurance to cover such a
loss ?
|
In terms of
the meaning contained in the conditional clauses , adverbial clauses grouped into
three types:
a. Type
1: Statement with real condition in the future
This type show the situation that may occur in the future, if the situation
are met.
Formula :
If + S + simple
Present, S + Present Future
|
E.g :
§
If she leaves before five, she will catch the
train.
§
You will fail if you don’t work
hard.
b. Type
2: Statement with unreal condition
This type shows the
situation in the future or present that
cannot happen, because the condition
is not met.
Formula :
If + S + simple Past,
S + Past Future
|
E.g :
§
If I had enough money, I would buy a new car.
§
The cat will catch you if you
were a mouse
Note : be in this type always “were “
although the subject is singular.
c. Type
3 : Statement with unreal condition in the past
This type shows the
situation in the past that
cannot happen, because the condition
is not met.
Formula :
If + S + Past
Perfect, S + Past Future Perfect
|
E.g :
§
If she had come here last night, Tom would have given her
some books.
§
You would have seen my sister if
you had gone to the concert hall last night.
Abridgment of Clause of Condition
The
subject and a form of be may be
omitted from a clause of condition. The retained portion of the predicate may
be :
ü A
predicate noun :
If (it is) a
success, the experiment could lead the way to many others.
ü A
predicate adjective :
If (he is) still alive, he must be at least ninety
years.
ü A
prepositional phrase :
ü
If (it is) out of the question, please
let me know.
ü
A participle
o
Present participle
If (he is) meeting
with too many unexpected difficulties, he will abandon the project.
o Past
Present
If (it is) carrefully
done, the experiment should be very successful.
8. Clauses
of Exception (Negative Condition)
A clause of exception is introduced by a conjunction that is equivalent
to if it were not (for the fact) that and therefore may be interpreted
as a kind of negative condition.
Conjunction
|
|
Except that
(occasionally excepting that)
|
The building would have already been finished expect that a trucking
strike had delayed delivery of some materials.
|
But that (formal)
|
But that his assailant’s pistol failed to fire, he would surely be
dead now.
|
Save that (formal)
(occasionally saving that)
|
Save that he lapsed into vulgarity every now and then, he had great appeal to his genteel women readers.
|
Only (that)
|
This antique vase is in very good condition, only that there is a
little crack near the top.
|
Beyond that
|
The police could get nothing out of the boy beyond that he had become
separated from his mother in the crowd.
|
Other than (the fact) that
|
Other than (the fact) that he
is now in good financial condition, I have no news to report.
|
9. Clauses
of manner
These clauses
are used to talk about someone's behavior or the way something is done.
Conjunction
|
|
As if
|
They
all treat him as if he were a king.
|
As
though
|
He
walked around as though he was in daze.
|
As
|
She
always does as her husband tells her.
|
Abridgment of
Clauses of Manner
The subject
and form of be may be omitted from
a clause of manner. The retained portion of the predicate may be :
ü A
predicate Noun:
As though ( he
were ) still the king, Lear
demanded all the privileges of majesty.
ü A predicate
adjective
He left the
room as though ( he were ) angry.
ü
A participle
Everything
went off just as ( it was ) planned.
ü
An infinitive
He opened his
mouth as if ( he were) to speak.
ü
A prepositional phrase
His illness
dissappeared as if ( it was ) by magic.
10. Clauses
of degree / comparison
Adverb as is a
clause which states comparison.
Conjunction
|
||
Equal Comparison of two units :
|
||
As +
adjective / adverb......as
|
The
new machine is just as efficient as the old one.
|
|
As
...adverb...as
|
The
new machine works just as efficiently as the old one.
|
|
Unequal comparison of two units
|
||
Or than
more+ adj/ adv
|
·
The new machine is more efficient
than the old one.
·
The new machine works efficiently than
the old one did.
|
|
Less +
adjective / adverb.....than
|
The new machine is less expensive than the old one.
|
|
Abridgment of
Clauses of Comparison
Abridgment
through ellipsis is very common in clauses of comparison. Such abridged clauses
are usually in parallel construction.
ü Subject
retained:
She works as hard as her husbad (works). When the subject is
retained, an auxilliary may also substitute for the entire predicate- she works as hard as her husband does.
ü Object
retained:
She desires
happiness more than ( she desires) wealth.
ü
Predicate adjective retained:
She is more
shy then ( she is ) unsocial.
D. Appositive
An appositive is a noun or noun
phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can be a
short or long combination of words. Appositives are usually offset with commas, brackets or dashes.
·
My best friend,Lee, caught a whelk when he was
fishing for bass
·
Robbie, a
hot-tempered tennis player, charged the umpire and tried to crack
the poor man's skull with a racket.
·
The
insect, a large cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen
table.
·
Spot, a naughty
dog, always play in our backyard.
·
Scarfce, an online marketer,
gains very high earning monthly.
Bibliography
Frank, Macella.
1972. Modern A practical Reference Guide. New Jersey : Prentice-Hall
Hidayat, Rahmat
Taufiq. 1996. Belajar Mudah Bahasa Inggris. Jogjakarta :
Pustaka Pelajar
Solahudin,
Muhamad. 2008. The Seven Complicated
Grammar. Jogjakarta : DIVA press
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